OPHTHALMIC PATHOLOGY
Section Editor: Nick Mamalis, MD
Ophthalmic Pathology Fundamental Lectures
- Introduction to Pathology 2025
- Eyelid Pathology 2022
- Conjunctiva Pathology 2022
- Cornea Pathology 2022
- Glaucoma Pathology 2021
- Lens Pathology 2020
- Intraocular Lenses 2019
- Intraocular Tumors 2020
- IOL Alpha to Omega 2022
- Retina Pathology 2022
- Posterior Uveal Melanoma 2016
- Optic Nerve Pathology 2022
- Orbital Tumors Pathology 2019
- Orbit Pathology 2020
- Optic Tumor Pathology 2017
- Pathology OKAP Review 2022
- Ocular and Orbital Anatomy 2022
Normal Eye
Cellular Histopathology and Immunology
Stains
- Stains
- Tissue Processing
- Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
- Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)
- Alcian Blue
- Colloidal Iron
- Alizarin Red
- Von Kossa
- Congo Red
- Crystal Violet
- Thioflavin T
- Masson’s Trichrome
- Gram Stain
- Ziehl-Neelsen
- Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS)
- Gridley
- Prussian Blue
- Verhoeff-van Gieson
- Oil Red O
- Sudan Black
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- Electron Microscopy
- Summary of Common Stains in Ocular Pathology
- References
Eyelids
- Eyelids
- Macroscopic Overview –Normal Eyelid
- Distichiasis
- Bacterial Infection
- Hordeolum
- Preseptal Cellulitis
- Verruca vulgaris
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Chalazion
- Xanthelasma
- Amyloid
- Myxoma
- Epidermoid Cyst
- Dermoid Cyst
- Eccrine Hydrocystoma
- Apocrine Hydrocystoma
- Dacryops
- Squamous Papilloma
- Seborrheic Keratosis
- Trichilemmoma
- Keratoacanthoma
- Actinic Keratosis
- Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma(SCC)
- Sebaceous Hyperplasia
- Sebaceous Adenoma
- Sebaceous Carcinoma
- Nevus of the Eyelid (Junctional, Compound, Intradermal)
- Melanoma of the Eyelid
- Lymphoma
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma
- Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
- Capillary Hemangioma
- Syringoma
- References
Orbit
Conjunctiva
- Conjunctiva
- Macroscopic Overview – Normal Conjunctiva
- Limbal dermoid
- Lipodermoid
- Ectopic lacrimal gland
- Episcleral osseous choristoma
- Complex choristoma
- Capillary hemangioma
- Papillary conjunctivitis
- Follicular conjunctivitis
- Granulomatous conjunctivitis
- Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
- Pyogenic granuloma
- Pinguecula
- Pterygium
- Amyloidosis
- Epithelial inclusion cyst
- Squamous papilloma
- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)
- Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
- Squamous carcinoma in situ
- Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanotic Lesions of the conjunctiva
- Conjunctival nevus (multiple types)
- Primary acquired melanosis (PAM)
- Conjunctival Melanoma
- Oncocytoma
Cornea
Sclera / Episclera
Glaucoma / Anterior Chamber
Lens
- Lens
- Normal Lens
- Congenital Aphakia
- Lens Coloboma
- Lentiglobus (lenticonus)
- Phacoantigenic Uveitis
- P. acnes Endopthalmitis
- Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Previously called persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV))
- Cataract
- Posterior subcapsular cataract
- Pseudoexfoliation:
- Soemmering Ring/ Elschnig Pearls
- Self-Test Questions
Vitreous
Retina and RPE
- Retina
- Normal Retinal Anatomy
- Hypertensive Retinopathy
- Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
- Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)
- Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
- Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Sickle Cell Retinopathy
- Macular Holes
- Epiretinal Membranes (ERM)
- Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration
- Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration
- Retinal Neovascularization
- Gliosis
- Retinal Neovascularization
- Cystoid Macular Edema
- Bull’s Eye Maculopathy
- Best Disease
- Stargardt Disease
- Fundus Flavimaculatus
- Pattern Dystrophy
- Fungal Chorioretinitis
- Toxoplasmosis
- CMV Retinitis
- Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN)
- Bacterial Chorioretinitis
- Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE)
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Typical Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration (TPCD)
- Reticular Degenerative Retinoschisis
- Lattice Degeneration
- Paving Stone Degeneration
- Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
- Retinoblastoma
- Retinocytoma
- Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE
- RPE Adenoma
- RPE Adenocarcinoma
- Myelinated Nerve Fibers
- Congenital Hypertrophy of the RPE (CHRPE)
- Ocular Albinism
- Oculocutaneous Albinism
- References
Uveal Tract
- Uvea
- Uveal Tract
- Iris
- Ciliary Body
- Choroid
- Congenital Anomalies
- Coloboma
- Fuchs’ Adenoma
- Medulloepithelioma
- Vogt –Koyanagi –Harada Syndrome
- Sarcoidosis
- Rubeosis iridis
- Hyalinization of Ciliary Body
- Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)
- Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
- Iris Nevus
- Iris Melanoma
- Choroid + Ciliary Body Neoplasms
- Melanocytoma of the choroid
- Choroidal Melanoma
- Metastatic Choroidal Tumors
- Other Uveal Tumors
- Neurofibromas
- Schwannomas
Optic Nerve
- Optic Nerve
- Normal Optic Nerve
- Optic Nerve Coloboma
- Morning Glory Syndrome
- Optic Nerve Pit
- Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
- Myelinated Nerve Fiber Layer
- Optic Nerve Infection (Bacterial, Fungal, Viral)
- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Sarcoidosis of the Optic Nerve
- Optic Atrophy
- Cavernous Optic Atrophy of Schnabel
- Optic Nerve Drusen
- Optic Nerve Edema
- Optic Neuritis
- Melanocytoma
- Optic Nerve Glioma
- Optic Nerve Meningioma
- Optic Nerve Schwannoma
- References
Intraocular Tumors – Melanocytic
- Intraocular Tumors
- Differential Diagnosis of iris nodules
- Iris Nevus
- Iris Melanocytoma
- Iris Melanoma
- Iris Cysts:
- Nevus of choroid / ciliary body
- Melanoma of ciliary body/choroid
- Pigmented Epithelial Tumors of Uvea + Retina
- Fuchs’ Adenoma
- Angiomatous Tumors
- Retinal Angiomas
- Retinoblastoma
- Secondary Tumors
- Lymphomatous Tumors
- References
Additional Resources
- 78 Year Old Male With Intraocular Mass Video
- A Brief Review of Oculocutaneous Albinism Video
- A Bump on the Iris Video
- Amending the Eye Tumor Constitution Video
- An Update on ROP Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcomes Video
- Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia Video
- Conjunctival Melanoma Arising from Primary Acquired Melanosis Video
- Conjunctival Melanoma Case Report
- Conjunctival Nevus Excision Video
- Conjunctival Tumors in 5002 Cases: Comparative Analysis of Benign vs Malignant Counterparts Video
- Primary Acquired Melanosis (PAM) with Atypia: Pathology and Clinical Correlations Case Report
- Dark Side of the Iris Video
- Diagnosis and Management of Choroidal Metastases Video
- Hydrogel Intraocular Lens Calcification Pathology: A Hard Case Video
- IOL Alpha to Omega Video
- Iris Microhemangiomatosis
- Iris Nevi & the Transition for Melanoma Video
- Leukemic Infiltration of the Iris Video
- Multimodal imaging of Choroidal Metastases from Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Submandibular Gland Case Report
- Ocular Lymphoma: My Left Eye is Blind Video
- Ocular Tumor Pathology Video
- Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma Video
- Orbital Tumors- Pathology Video
- Pediatric Grand Round Video
- Photodyanmic Therapy (PDT) for Intraocular Tumors Video
- Posterior Uveal Melanoma Video
- Proliferative Retinopathy in Hemoglobin C Trait Video
- Retinal Neuron Degeneration after Optic Nerve Injury Video
- Retinal Vasculitis Case Report
- Retinoblastoma Case Report
- Retinopathy of Prematurity: Update
- Silicone IOL Calcification in Eyes with Asteroid Hyalosis Video
- Temporal Progression of Ocular Injury Following Primary Blast Exposure Video
- The Ocular Oncologist’s Cookbook Video
- The Role of Optic Nerve OCT in the Evaluation of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Video
- The Not So Incidental Finding: A Cavernous Hemangioma
- Transillumination Ocular Melanoma Video
- Translating Biology into Therapy: From Understanding Vascular Demarcations to Restoring Them Video
- Tumors of the Eye and Orbit Video
- Unknown Corneal Lesion Case – Grand Rounds Video